@article{1470fc1b44044dc381a345ddbed3a28a,
title = "Analysis of heavy fuel oil use by ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters from 2010 to 2018",
abstract = "In 2018, The International Maritime Organization, officially proposed consideration of a ban on heavy fuel oil (HFO) use by ships in the Arctic, because of the widely accepted understanding that HFO presents a threat to the marine environment. There is currently a lack of understanding of the scale and scope of HFO use by ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters, thus it is difficult to comprehensively evaluate the effect that such a ban may have in mitigating risk from HFO use. In this study, we conducted a spatial analysis of HFO use among ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters between 2010 and 2018. Our findings show that approximately 37\% of the total number of ships that have travelled through the Canadian Arctic between 2010 and 2018 use HFO, and nearly all of these ships fall within three vessel categories: general cargo, bulk carriers, and tanker ships. In addition, HFO-fueled ships made up approximately 45\% of the total distance (kilometres) travelled by all vessels between 2010 and 2018. The data also show that the majority of HFO use occurs in certain geographic areas, such as Baffin Bay near Pond Inlet and the Hudson Strait.",
keywords = "Arctic communities, Canadian Arctic, Climate change, Environment, Heavy fuel oil, Shipping",
author = "\{van Luijk\}, Nicolien and Jackie Dawson and Alison Cook",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 van Luijk et al. Author was not affiliated to SAMS at the time of publication. Funding Information: In December 2016, in a joint United States–Canada Arctic Leaders{\textquoteright} Statement made by then President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the two leaders made a commitment to phase down the use of HFO in the Arctic (United States–Canada Joint Arctic Leaders{\textquoteright} Statement 2016). At the 72nd Marine Environment Protection Meeting in April 2018, Finland submitted a plan to ban the use and transport of HFO by ships in Arctic waters by 2021 (MEPC 72/11/1 2018). This proposal was supported by Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the U.S. Non-Arctic states including Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand also supported the proposed ban. The Russian Federation responded to the proposed HFO ban by raising concerns about the economic impacts and recommended that all possible measures to mitigate an HFO spill should be explored prior to the implementation of a full ban (MEPC 72/17 2018). Canada, with the support of the Marshall Islands, submitted a proposal in 2018 in response to the proposed ban, outlining that the nations{\textquoteright} objectives were consistent with mitigating the risk of oil spills and harm to the Arctic environment, but requested that the potential impacts of an HFO ban on Arctic communities and economies be considered before full enactment (MEPC 72/11/4 2018). By February 2019, when the IMO announced that it would be working towards developing an HFO ban in Arctic waters, Canada and Russia remained the only two Arctic countries that had not provided an official position on the ban (George 2019a). In December 2019, the United States and Norway released the findings of studies examining the ",
year = "2020",
month = may,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1139/FACETS-2019-0067",
language = "English",
volume = "5",
pages = "304--327",
journal = "FACETS",
issn = "2371-1671",
publisher = "Canadian Science Publishing",
number = "1",
}