The Scotland–Canada overturning array (SCOTIA): twenty years of meridional overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is expected to decline dramatically over the 21st century, with severe impacts for Northern Hemisphere climate. After 20 years of sustained monitoring in the subtropics, a detectable AMOC weakening trend is now beginning to emerge. However, continuous observations at subpolar latitudes are currently too short-lived to determine any weakening signal above the large-amplitude interannual variability. Here, we introduce a new subpolar observing configuration, SCOTIA (Scotland–Canada overturning array), combining parts of the existing OSNAP mooring array with scattered CTD and Argo data, to extend the record of subpolar AMOC backward in time to cover the subtropical monitoring period, 2004–2024. SCOTIA facilitates a rigorous comparison of the decadal-scale variability in transports and overturning at subpolar and subtropical latitudes. Our results show subpolar AMOC varies on pentadal to decadal timescales with an amplitude comparable to that observed in the subtropics. Anomalously high overturning during 2016–2020 was driven by increased southward transports in the density classes associated with Labrador Sea Water. We find no statistically significant trend in subpolar AMOC during the period 2004–2024.