Abstract
and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular,
a moderate-to-strong La Niña at the beginning of the
year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during
fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts
in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern
Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010–11)
on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this
follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns
in South America were also influenced by La Niña. Heavy
rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country’s
worst floods and landslides in Brazil’s history.
The 2011 combined average temperature across global
land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but
was also among the 15 warmest years on record and
above the 1981–2010 average. The global sea surface
temperature cooled by 0.1°C from 2010 to 2011, associated
with cooling influences of La Niña. Global integrals
of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than
for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth’s dominant
role of the oceans in the Earth’s energy budget. In the
upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures
were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures
were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime
stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both
hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere
during March were the lowest for that period since
satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and
persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September
indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is
proceeding very slowly.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Journal | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
Volume | 93 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jul 2012 |
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In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 93, No. 7, 01.07.2012.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - State of the climate in 2011
T2 - Special supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
AU - Arndt, D. S.
AU - Blunden, J.
AU - Willett, K. M.
AU - Dolman, A. J.
AU - Hall, B. D.
AU - Thorne, P. W.
AU - Gregg, M. C.
AU - Newlin, M. L.
AU - Xue, Y.
AU - Hu, Z.
AU - Kumar, A.
AU - Banzon, V.
AU - Smith, T. M.
AU - Rayner, N. A.
AU - Jeffries, M. O.
AU - Richter-Menge, J.
AU - Overland, J.
AU - Bhatt, U.
AU - Key, J.
AU - Liu, Y.
AU - Walsh, J.
AU - Wang, M.
AU - Fogt, R. L.
AU - Scambos, T. A.
AU - Wovrosh, A. J.
AU - Barreira, S.
AU - Fogt, R. L.
AU - Scambos, T. A.
AU - Sanchez-Lugo, A. .
AU - Renwick, J. A.
AU - Thiaw, W. M.
AU - Weaver, S. J.
AU - Whitewood, R.
AU - Phillips, D.
AU - Achberger, C.
AU - Ackerman, S. A.
AU - Ahmed, Farid H.
AU - Albanil-Encarnacion, Adelina
AU - Alfaro, E. J.
AU - Alves, L. M.
AU - Allan, Rob
AU - Amador, Jorge A.
AU - Ambenje, Peter
AU - Antoine, M. D.
AU - Antonov, John
AU - Arevalo, Juan
AU - Arndt, Derek S.
AU - Ashik, I.
AU - Atheru, Zachary
AU - Baccini, Alessandro
AU - Baez, Julian
AU - Banzon, Viva
AU - Baringer, Molly O.
AU - Barreira, Sandra
AU - Barriopedro, D. E.
AU - Bates, J. J.
AU - Becker, Andreas
AU - Behrenfeld, Michael J.
AU - Bell, Gerald D.
AU - Benedetti, Angela
AU - Bernhard, Germar
AU - Berrisford, Paul
AU - Berry, David I.
AU - Beszczynska-Moeller, A.
AU - Bhatt, U. S.
AU - Bidegain, Mario
AU - Bieniek, P.
AU - Birkett, Charon
AU - Bissolli, Peter
AU - Blake, Eric S.
AU - Blunden, Jessica
AU - Boudet-Rouco, Dagne
AU - Box, Jason E.
AU - Boyer, Tim
AU - Braathen, Geir O.
AU - Brackenridge, G. Robert
AU - Brohan, Philip
AU - Bromwich, David H.
AU - Brown, Laura
AU - Brown, R.
AU - Bruhwiler, Lori
AU - Bulygina, O. N.
AU - Burrows, John
AU - Calderon, Blanca
AU - Camargo, Suzana J.
AU - Cappellen, John
AU - Carmack, E.
AU - Carrasco, Gualberto
AU - Chambers, Don P.
AU - Christiansen, Hanne H.
AU - Christy, John
AU - Chung, D.
AU - Ciais, P.
AU - Coehlo, Caio A. S.
AU - Colwell, Steve
AU - Comiso, J.
AU - Cretaux, Jean-Francois
AU - Crouch, Jake
AU - Cunningham, Stuart A.
AU - De Jeu, Richard A. M.
AU - Demircan, M.
AU - Derksen, C.
AU - Diamond, Howard J.
AU - Dlugokencky, Ed J.
AU - Dohan, Kathleen
AU - Dolman, A. Johannes
AU - Dorigo, Wouter A.
AU - Drozdov, D. S.
AU - Duguay, Claude
AU - Dutton, Ellsworth
AU - Dutton, Geoff S.
AU - Elkins, James W.
AU - Epstein, H. E.
AU - Famiglietti, James S.
AU - Fanton d'Andon, Odile Hembise
AU - Feely, Richard A.
AU - Fekete, Balazs M.
AU - Fenimore, Chris
AU - Fernandez-Prieto, D.
AU - Fields, Erik
AU - Fioletov, Vitali
AU - Fogt, Ryan L.
AU - Folland, Chris
AU - Foster, Michael J.
AU - Frajka-Williams, Eleanor
AU - Franz, Bryan A.
AU - Frey, Karen
AU - Frith, Stacey H.
AU - Frolov, I.
AU - Frost, G. V.
AU - Ganter, Catherine
AU - Garzoli, Silvia
AU - Gitau, Wilson
AU - Gleason, Karin L.
AU - Gobron, Nadine
AU - Goldenberg, Stanley B.
AU - Goni, Gustavo
AU - Gonzalez-Garcia, Idelmis
AU - Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Nivaldo
AU - Good, Simon A.
AU - Goryl, Philippe
AU - Gottschalck, Jonathan
AU - Gouveia, C. M.
AU - Gregg, Margarita C.
AU - Griffiths, Georgina M.
AU - Grigoryan, Valentina
AU - Grooss, Jens-Uwe
AU - Guard, Chip
AU - Guglielmin, Mauro
AU - Hall, Bradley D.
AU - Halpert, Michael S.
AU - Heidinger, Andrew K.
AU - Heikkila, Anu
AU - Heim, Jr., Richard R.
AU - Hennon, Paula A.
AU - Hidalgo, Hugo G.
AU - Hilburn, Kyle
AU - Ho, Shu-peng
AU - Hobbs, Will R.
AU - Holgate, Simon
AU - Hook, Simon J.
AU - Hovsepyan, Anahit
AU - Hu, Zeng-Zhen
AU - Hugony, Sebastien
AU - Hurst, Dale F.
AU - Ingvaldsen, R.
AU - Itoh, M.
AU - Jaimes, Ena
AU - Jeffries, Martin
AU - Johns, William E.
AU - Johnsen, Bjorn
AU - Johnson, Bryan
AU - Johnson, Gregory C.
AU - Jones, L. T.
AU - Jumaux, Guillaume
AU - Kabidi, Khadija
AU - Kaiser, Johannes W.
AU - Kang, Kyun-Kuk
AU - Kanzow, Torsten O.
AU - Kao, Hsun-Ying
AU - Keller, Linda M.
AU - Kendon, Mike
AU - Kennedy, John J.
AU - Kervankiran, Sefer
AU - Key, J.
AU - Khatiwala, Samar
AU - Kholodov, A. L.
AU - Khoshkam, M.
AU - Kikuchi, T.
AU - Kimberlain, Todd B.
AU - King, Darren
AU - Knaff, John A.
AU - Korshunova, Natalia N.
AU - Koskela, Tapani
AU - Kratz, David P.
AU - Krishfield, R.
AU - Kruger, Andries
AU - Kruk, Michael C.
AU - Kumar, Arun
AU - Lagerloef, Gary
AU - Lakkala, Kaisa
AU - Lammers, Richard B.
AU - Lander, Mark A.
AU - Landsea, Chris W.
AU - Lankhorst, Matthias
AU - Lapinel-Pedroso, Braulio
AU - Lazzara, Matthew A.
AU - LeDuc, Sharon
AU - Lefale, Penehuro
AU - Leon, Gloria
AU - Leon-Lee, Antonia
AU - Leuliette, Eric
AU - Levitus, Syndney
AU - L'Heureux, Michelle
AU - Lin, I. I.
AU - Liu, Hongxing
AU - Liu, Yanju
AU - Liu, Yi
AU - Lobato-Sanchez, Rene
AU - Locarnini, Ricardo
AU - Loeb, Norman G.
AU - Loeng, H.
AU - Long, Craig S.
AU - Lorrey, Andrew M.
AU - Lumpkin, Rick
AU - Myhre, Cathrine Lund
AU - Luo, Jing-Jia
AU - Lyman, John M.
AU - MacCallum, Stuart
AU - Macdonald, Alison M.
AU - Maddux, Brent C.
AU - Manney, Gloria
AU - Marchenko, S. S.
AU - Marengo A., Jose
AU - Maritorena, Stephane
AU - Marotzke, Jochem
AU - Marra, John J.
AU - Martinez-Sanchez, Odayls
AU - Maslanik, J.
AU - Massom, Robert A.
AU - Mathis, Jeremy T.
AU - McBride, Charlotte
AU - McClain, Charles R.
AU - McGrath, Daniel
AU - McGree, Simon
AU - McLaughlin, F.
AU - McVicar, Tim R.
AU - Mears, Carl
AU - Meier, W.
AU - Meinen, Christopher S.
AU - Menendez, Melisa
AU - Merchant, Chris
AU - Merrifield, Mark A.
AU - Miller, Laury
AU - Mitchum, Gary T.
AU - Montzka, Stephen A.
AU - Moore, Sue
AU - Mora, Natalie P.
AU - Morcrette, Jean-Jacques
AU - Mote, Thomas
AU - Muhle, Jens
AU - Mullan, A. Brett
AU - Muller, Rolf
AU - Myhre, Cathrine
AU - Nash, Eric R.
AU - Nerem, R. Steven
AU - Newlin, Michele L.
AU - Newman, Paul A.
AU - Ngari, Arona
AU - Nishino, S.
AU - Njau, Lenoard N.
AU - Noetzli, Jeannette
AU - Oberman, N. G.
AU - Obregon, Andre
AU - Ogallo, Laban
AU - Oludhe, Christopher
AU - Overland, J.
PY - 2012/7/1
Y1 - 2012/7/1
N2 - Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperatureand weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular,a moderate-to-strong La Niña at the beginning of theyear dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged duringfall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughtsin East Africa, the southern United States, and northernMexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010–11)on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as thisfollows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patternsin South America were also influenced by La Niña. Heavyrain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country’sworst floods and landslides in Brazil’s history.The 2011 combined average temperature across globalland and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, butwas also among the 15 warmest years on record andabove the 1981–2010 average. The global sea surfacetemperature cooled by 0.1°C from 2010 to 2011, associatedwith cooling influences of La Niña. Global integralsof upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher thanfor all prior years, demonstrating the Earth’s dominantrole of the oceans in the Earth’s energy budget. In theupper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatureswere anomalously warm, while polar temperatureswere anomalously cold. This led to large springtimestratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in bothhemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphereduring March were the lowest for that period sincesatellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, andpersistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in Septemberindicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions isproceeding very slowly.
AB - Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperatureand weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular,a moderate-to-strong La Niña at the beginning of theyear dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged duringfall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughtsin East Africa, the southern United States, and northernMexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010–11)on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as thisfollows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patternsin South America were also influenced by La Niña. Heavyrain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country’sworst floods and landslides in Brazil’s history.The 2011 combined average temperature across globalland and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, butwas also among the 15 warmest years on record andabove the 1981–2010 average. The global sea surfacetemperature cooled by 0.1°C from 2010 to 2011, associatedwith cooling influences of La Niña. Global integralsof upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher thanfor all prior years, demonstrating the Earth’s dominantrole of the oceans in the Earth’s energy budget. In theupper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatureswere anomalously warm, while polar temperatureswere anomalously cold. This led to large springtimestratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in bothhemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphereduring March were the lowest for that period sincesatellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, andpersistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in Septemberindicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions isproceeding very slowly.
U2 - 10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
DO - 10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
M3 - Article
SN - 0003-0007
VL - 93
JO - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
JF - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
IS - 7
ER -