TY - GEN
T1 - Epitaxial growth of highly strained SiGe layers directly on Si(001) substrate
AU - Halpin, John
AU - Shah, Vishal
AU - Myronov, Maksym
AU - Leadley, David
N1 - Copyright © 2012, IEEE
The author was not affiliated to SAMS at the time of publication
PY - 2012/6/25
Y1 - 2012/6/25
N2 - It has been observed that at lower growth temperatures, epitaxial layers of Si 1-xGe x on Si(001) can be grown beyond the predicted critical thickness[1] for plastic relaxation [2]. These layers are known as metastable, since if raised to a temperature higher than their growth temperature, relaxation will occur. A number of comprehensive studies have been published for Si 1-xGe x epilayers with a low Ge composition, including the recent work with a Ge content up to 52% [2]. However, no work has been carried out on higher Ge composition layers i.e. above 60%. Since the strain in the layer is proportional to its lattice mismatch with the Si substrate, layers with higher Ge composition will exhibit a higher degree of compressive strain. This higher strain ought to enhance a room-temperature two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) mobility in a Si 0.4Ge 0.6 quantum well (QW) grown pseudomorphically on a Si(001) substrate. This property is very important for application of such materials in electronic devices like Field Effect Transistors (FETs) and others. It is also very important to maintain the SiGe QW thickness around or above 10 nm in order to minimize negative effect of interface scattering on 2DHG mobility. In this work, we demonstrate that highly strained epilayers of Si 0.4Ge 0.6 can be grown pseudomorphically on a Si (001) substrate with thicknesses up to 25 nm, which is is significantly above the thickness usually accepted as being stable or even metastable. Epitaxial layers were grown in an industrial reduced pressure chemical vapour deposition (RP-CVD) system. Standard, commercial available disilane and germane precursors were used. The epilayer thicknesses were obtained by XTEM analysis and high resolution X-ray diffraction HR-XRD. The epilayer surface morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and defects observed in the relaxed epilayers were analyzed by combination of plan view transmission electron microscopy PV-TEM and AFM. We report that it was possible to grow up to 24nm of Si 0.4Ge 0.6 before strain relaxation occurred. For epilayers thinner than 24 nm a surface roughness comparable to that of the Si substrate was observed, for example the 21 nm layer showed an RMS roughness of 0.08 nm (Figure 2). These thin layers produced rocking curves with clearly defined thickness fringes (Figure 1) that indicate no relaxation by defect formation. Above 24 nm, the layers showed a high surface roughness with the characteristic crosshatch pattern (Figure 3). This indicates non-uniform elastic strain fields from dislocations [3] , suggesting strain relaxation. Above 24 nm the thickness fringes seen in the rocking curves rapidly reduced in intensity compared to the thinner layers, which is also indicative of strain relaxation. A thickness of 24 nm of strained Si 0.4Ge 0.6 on Si (001) is higher than any attempts at growth of this strained alloy directly on Si reported previously. The results obtained show very high potential for application of highly strained Si 0.4Ge 0.6/Si(001) structures in a variety of electronic and photonic Si based devices. Detailed characterisation will be presented along with growth details.
AB - It has been observed that at lower growth temperatures, epitaxial layers of Si 1-xGe x on Si(001) can be grown beyond the predicted critical thickness[1] for plastic relaxation [2]. These layers are known as metastable, since if raised to a temperature higher than their growth temperature, relaxation will occur. A number of comprehensive studies have been published for Si 1-xGe x epilayers with a low Ge composition, including the recent work with a Ge content up to 52% [2]. However, no work has been carried out on higher Ge composition layers i.e. above 60%. Since the strain in the layer is proportional to its lattice mismatch with the Si substrate, layers with higher Ge composition will exhibit a higher degree of compressive strain. This higher strain ought to enhance a room-temperature two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) mobility in a Si 0.4Ge 0.6 quantum well (QW) grown pseudomorphically on a Si(001) substrate. This property is very important for application of such materials in electronic devices like Field Effect Transistors (FETs) and others. It is also very important to maintain the SiGe QW thickness around or above 10 nm in order to minimize negative effect of interface scattering on 2DHG mobility. In this work, we demonstrate that highly strained epilayers of Si 0.4Ge 0.6 can be grown pseudomorphically on a Si (001) substrate with thicknesses up to 25 nm, which is is significantly above the thickness usually accepted as being stable or even metastable. Epitaxial layers were grown in an industrial reduced pressure chemical vapour deposition (RP-CVD) system. Standard, commercial available disilane and germane precursors were used. The epilayer thicknesses were obtained by XTEM analysis and high resolution X-ray diffraction HR-XRD. The epilayer surface morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and defects observed in the relaxed epilayers were analyzed by combination of plan view transmission electron microscopy PV-TEM and AFM. We report that it was possible to grow up to 24nm of Si 0.4Ge 0.6 before strain relaxation occurred. For epilayers thinner than 24 nm a surface roughness comparable to that of the Si substrate was observed, for example the 21 nm layer showed an RMS roughness of 0.08 nm (Figure 2). These thin layers produced rocking curves with clearly defined thickness fringes (Figure 1) that indicate no relaxation by defect formation. Above 24 nm, the layers showed a high surface roughness with the characteristic crosshatch pattern (Figure 3). This indicates non-uniform elastic strain fields from dislocations [3] , suggesting strain relaxation. Above 24 nm the thickness fringes seen in the rocking curves rapidly reduced in intensity compared to the thinner layers, which is also indicative of strain relaxation. A thickness of 24 nm of strained Si 0.4Ge 0.6 on Si (001) is higher than any attempts at growth of this strained alloy directly on Si reported previously. The results obtained show very high potential for application of highly strained Si 0.4Ge 0.6/Si(001) structures in a variety of electronic and photonic Si based devices. Detailed characterisation will be presented along with growth details.
KW - Strain
KW - Silicon
KW - Substrates
KW - Silicon germanium
KW - Surface morphology
KW - Atomic force microscopy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84864198977&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84864198977&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/ISTDM.2012.6222492
DO - 10.1109/ISTDM.2012.6222492
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:84864198977
SN - 9781457718625
T3 - 2012 International Silicon-Germanium Technology and Device Meeting, ISTDM 2012 - Proceedings
SP - 130
EP - 131
BT - 2012 International Silicon-Germanium Technology and Device Meeting, ISTDM 2012 - Proceedings
T2 - 6th International Silicon-Germanium Technology and Device Meeting, ISTDM 2012
Y2 - 4 June 2012 through 6 June 2012
ER -