Comparison of reanalysis datasets with historical wave buoy data in northern Scottish waters

Wave data are critical for assessing marine-energy potential, designing offshore infrastructure, and planning operations and maintenance activities. In regions where interest in renewable energy development is rapidly growing, reliable long-term wave datasets are essential. This study evaluates the reliability of four ocean-wave reanalysis models, ECHOWAVE, ERA5, WAVEWATCH III, and Copernicus Global Ocean Waves Analysis and Forecast, by comparing them to in-situ wave buoy measurements collected between 2011 and 2015 at multiple locations around northern Scotland. The study focuses on the reliability of long-term wave reanalysis datasets in a geographically specific and energy-relevant region. We show that all four models correlate well with observed data, with notable improvements in bias reduction compared to earlier generations of wave modelling. ECHOWAVE consistently demonstrated the closest statistical agreement with buoy data, particularly in nearshore environments. While all models tended to under-estimate or over-estimate significant wave heights during large wave events exceeding 8 m significant wave height, ECHOWAVE’s high-resolution modelled data proved especially robust. These findings support robust use of modern reanalysis datasets, especially ECHOWAVE, for wave energy exploration and marine planning. Continued refinement of wave reanalysis models enhances their value as reliable tools for long-term environmental assessment in regions poised for renewable energy expansion.